Update Readme and add new performance report.

README.md

@@ -5,8 +5,22 @@ Additionally, it is specially suited for 4G/5G cellular networks.
 
 A peer-reviewed [paper on TCP ROCCET](https://opendl.ifip-tc6.org/db/conf/wons/wons2026/1571217211.pdf) was presented at the WONS 2026 conference.
 
-## Install with apt
+A new performance report for the latest version of TCP ROCCET can be found under "doc/measurements/2026-07-21_performance-report.pdf".
+
+### Versions
+
+- latest on master branch (requires kernel version 7.1 or higher)
+    - Improved min RTT probing
+    - Packet pacing
+    - Code refactor
+    - Monitoring send and receive rate
+
+- release-2026-06-12-v1
+    - Adds minimum RTT probing
+    
+## Install with apt (requires kernel version 6.10 or higher)
 Add tcp-roccet-dkms to your source lists and install:
+
 ```
 echo "deb [trusted=yes] https://apt.fury.io/timfuchs/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/tcp-roccet.list
 sudo apt update
@@ -15,19 +29,11 @@ sudo apt install tcp-roccet-dkms
 
 ### Loading and using the congestion control
 Note: This change is not persistent, the module will not be loaded at boot.
+
 ```
 sudo modprobe tcp_roccet
 sudo sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=roccet
 ```
-### Versions
-
-- latest on master branch
-    - Improved min RTT probing
-    - Packet pacing
-    - Code refactor
-
-- release-2026-06-12-v1
-    - Adds minimum RTT probing
 
 ## Build from source
 

tcp_roccet.c

@@ -45,14 +45,13 @@
  * this behaves the same as the original Reno.
  */
 
-#include "tcp_roccet.h"
+#include "linux/limits.h"
-#include <linux/btf.h>
-#include <linux/btf_ids.h>
 #include <linux/math64.h>
 #include <linux/mm.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
 #include <net/tcp.h>
+#include "tcp_roccet.h"
 
 /* Scale factor beta calculation (max_cwnd = snd_cwnd * beta) */
 #define BICTCP_BETA_SCALE 1024
@@ -109,11 +108,13 @@ static __always_inline void roccettcp_reset(struct roccettcp *ca)
 	ca->ece_received = false;
 
 	ca->roccet_last_event_time_us = 0;
-	ca->ack_rate.last_rate = 0;
+	ca->ack_rate_last_rate = 0;
-	/* Initialize to current time to avoid overflow in ack rate calculation */
+	/* Initialize to current time to avoid an
-	ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
+	 * overflow in the ack rate calculation
-	ca->ack_rate.curr_rate = 0;
+	 */
-	ca->ack_rate.cnt = 0;
+	ca->ack_rate_last_rate_time = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
+	ca->ack_rate_curr_rate = 0;
+	ca->ack_rate_cnt = 0;
 
 	/* Start state is LAUNCH */
 	ca->state = LAUNCH;
@@ -138,7 +139,8 @@ static __always_inline void update_min_rtt(struct sock *sk)
 		/* Probe for the min RTT in ROCCET_NEXT_MIN_RTT_PROBE seconds
 		 * if no other update occurs.
 		 */
-		ca->next_min_rtt_probe = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32) +
+		ca->next_min_rtt_probe =
+			jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32) +
 			ROCCET_NEXT_MIN_RTT_PROBE * USEC_PER_MSEC;
 	}
 }
@@ -147,9 +149,9 @@ static __always_inline void update_min_rtt(struct sock *sk)
  */
 static __always_inline s32 get_ack_rate_diff(struct roccettcp *ca)
 {
-	if (ca->ack_rate.curr_rate < ca->ack_rate.last_rate)
+	if (ca->ack_rate_curr_rate < ca->ack_rate_last_rate)
 		return 0;
-	return (s32)(ca->ack_rate.curr_rate - ca->ack_rate.last_rate);
+	return (s32)(ca->ack_rate_curr_rate - ca->ack_rate_last_rate);
 }
 
 /* Update ack rate sampled by 100ms.
@@ -159,26 +161,34 @@ static __always_inline void update_ack_rate(struct sock *sk, u32 acked, u32 now)
 	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
 	s32 interval = USEC_PER_MSEC * 100;
 
-	s32 time_delta = (s32)(ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time - now);
+	s32 time_delta = (s32)(ca->ack_rate_last_rate_time - now);
 	const s32 idle_threshold = USEC_PER_SEC * 2;
 
 	// Check if the time has arrived in the new interval
 	if (time_delta < -interval) {
-		// Check if the connection was idle for X seconds (e.g. no ACK for X seconds)
+		/* Check if the connection was idle for X seconds
+		 * (e.g. no ACK for X seconds)
+		 */
 		if (time_delta < -idle_threshold) {
-			// Reset ack counting as if a new connection was created
+			/* Reset ack counting as if a new
-			ca->ack_rate.last_rate = 0;
+			 * connection was created
-			ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
+			 */
-			ca->ack_rate.curr_rate = 0;
+			ca->ack_rate_last_rate = 0;
-			ca->ack_rate.cnt = 0;
+			ca->ack_rate_last_rate_time =
+				jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
+			ca->ack_rate_curr_rate = 0;
+			ca->ack_rate_cnt = 0;
 		} else {
-			ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time = now;
+			ca->ack_rate_last_rate_time = now;
-			ca->ack_rate.last_rate = ca->ack_rate.curr_rate;
+			ca->ack_rate_last_rate = ca->ack_rate_curr_rate;
-			ca->ack_rate.curr_rate = ca->ack_rate.cnt;
+			ca->ack_rate_curr_rate = ca->ack_rate_cnt;
-			ca->ack_rate.cnt = acked; // start counting for the new interval
+			ca->ack_rate_cnt =
+				acked; // start counting for the new interval
 		}
 	} else {
-		ca->ack_rate.cnt += acked;
+		// Cap the ack count to avoid overflow
+		ca->ack_rate_cnt = min_t(u32, ca->ack_rate_cnt + acked,
+					 U16_MAX);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -217,7 +227,8 @@ static __always_inline void update_srrtt(struct sock *sk)
 
 	// (1 - alpha) * srRTT + alpha * rRTT
 	ca->curr_srrtt = ((100 - ROCCET_ALPHA_TIMES_100) * ca->curr_srrtt +
-			  ROCCET_ALPHA_TIMES_100 * rrtt) / 100;
+			  ROCCET_ALPHA_TIMES_100 * rrtt) /
+			 100;
 }
 
 /* Do a ROCCET congestion event.
@@ -230,10 +241,13 @@ static __always_inline void roccet_congestion_event(struct sock *sk, u32 now)
 	ca->epoch_start = 0;
 	ca->roccet_last_event_time_us = now;
 	ca->cnt = 100 * tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
+	/*Set W_max only if the current cwnd is larger */
+	if (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) > ca->last_max_cwnd)
 		ca->last_max_cwnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
-	tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp, min(tp->snd_cwnd_clamp,
+	tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp,
-				 max((tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * beta) /
+			 min(tp->snd_cwnd_clamp,
-				      BICTCP_BETA_SCALE, 2U)));
+			     max((tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * beta)
+				 / BICTCP_BETA_SCALE, 2U)));
 	tp->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
 }
 
@@ -255,7 +269,7 @@ static __always_inline void roccet_min_rtt_probe(struct sock *sk, u32 now)
 		interval = max(200 * USEC_PER_MSEC, ca->curr_rtt);
 
 		/* This is to handle deep shared buffers with loss-based
-         * congestion control like CUBIC. If the the cwnd is not limited
+		 * congestion control like CUBIC. If the cwnd is not limited
 		 * by the application but falsely detected (see ROCCET paper),
 		 * we have to empty the pipe more.
 		 * If the limit detection is correct this will cause no harm
@@ -282,7 +296,7 @@ static __always_inline void roccet_min_rtt_probe(struct sock *sk, u32 now)
 		ca->curr_min_rtt = ~0U;
 
 		/* Refill the pipe after probing.
-         * To this end we need the previous cwnd over the
+		 * To this end we need the previous cwnd over
 		 * the probing interval.
 		 */
 		ca->refill_until = ca->probe_min_rtt_until + interval;
@@ -489,16 +503,17 @@ tcp_friendliness:
 	ca->cnt = max(ca->cnt, 2U);
 }
 
-static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
+static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, u32 acked)
-				 u32 acked)
 {
 	struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
 	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
 
 	u32 now = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
 	bool evaluate_srrtt = false;
+	bool send_more_than_acked = false;
 	u32 roccet_xj;
 	u32 jitter;
+	u32 send, received;
 
 	if (ca->state == LAUNCH) {
 		/* LAUNCH: Detect an exit point for tcp slow start
@@ -512,9 +527,12 @@ static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
 		    !tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk)) {
 			ca->epoch_start = 0;
 
-            /* Handle initial slow start. Here occur most bufferbloat */
+			/* Handle initial slow start.
+			 * Most bufferbloat occurs here
+			 */
 			if (tp->snd_ssthresh == TCP_INFINITE_SSTHRESH) {
-                tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 2;
+				tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp)
+								/ 2;
 				/* since this is the initial slow start,
 				 * the min cwnd won't be 1, so the window
 				 * can't be set to 0 by accident.
@@ -526,7 +544,8 @@ static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
 							 TCP_INIT_CWND));
 			} else {
 				tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh =
-                    tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) - (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 3);
+					tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) -
+					(tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 3);
 				tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) -
 						 (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 3));
 			}
@@ -543,6 +562,7 @@ static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
 		 * cwnd growth function, if no roccet congestion
 		 * event is detechted.
 		 */
+
 		/* Calculate jitter */
 		if ((s32)(ca->curr_rtt - ca->last_rtt) < 0)
 			jitter = ca->last_rtt - ca->curr_rtt;
@@ -552,12 +572,41 @@ static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
 		if (ca->next_srrtt_check == 0)
 			ca->next_srrtt_check = now + 5 * ca->curr_rtt;
 
+		/* Calculate if more bytes was send than received
+		 * in the time interval.
+		 */
+		if (before(tp->snd_nxt, ca->interval_snd_seq_start)) {
+			/* We had a wrap around in seq no counter */
+			send = (~0U - ca->interval_snd_seq_start + tp->snd_nxt);
+		} else {
+			send = (tp->snd_nxt - ca->interval_snd_seq_start);
+		}
+		if (before(tp->snd_una, ca->interval_una_seq_start)) {
+			/* We had a wrap around in seq no counter */
+			received = (~0U - ca->interval_una_seq_start +
+				    tp->snd_una);
+		} else {
+			received = (tp->snd_una - ca->interval_una_seq_start);
+		}
+
+		/* Here we use a guard space of 1% of the current cwnd.
+		 * We do this to avoid a false positive evaluation due
+		 * to delays caused by jitter or scheduling.
+		 */
+		send_more_than_acked =
+			send >
+			received + ((tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * tp->mss_cache) / 100);
+
 		/* Check if it's time to evaluate the srRTT */
 		if ((s32)(ca->next_srrtt_check - now) < 0) {
 			evaluate_srrtt = true;
 
 			/* reset struct and set next end of period */
 			ca->next_srrtt_check = now + 5 * ca->curr_rtt;
+
+			/* Reset Rate calculation */
+			ca->interval_snd_seq_start = tp->snd_nxt;
+			ca->interval_una_seq_start = tp->snd_una;
 		}
 
 		/* Respects the jitter of the connection and add it on top of
@@ -571,19 +620,21 @@ static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
 		/* The srRTT exceeds the upper bound if bufferbloat happens.
 		 * Here, we want to reduce the cwnd and drain the buffer.
 		 */
-        if (ca->curr_srrtt > roccet_xj && evaluate_srrtt) {
+		if (ca->curr_srrtt > roccet_xj && evaluate_srrtt &&
+		    send_more_than_acked) {
 			roccet_congestion_event(sk, now);
 			return;
 		}
 
 		/* Terminates this function if cwnd is not fully utilized.
-        * In mobile networks like 5G, this termination causes the cwnd to be
+		 * In mobile networks like 5G, this termination causes the
-        * frozen at an excessively high value. This is because slow start or
+		 * cwnd to be frozen at an excessively high value. This is
-        * HyStart massively exceed the available bandwidth and leave the cwnd
+		 * because slow start or HyStart massively exceed the available
-        * at an excessively high value. The cwnd cannot therefore be fully
+		 * bandwidth and leave the cwnd at an excessively high value.
-        * utilized because it is limited by the connection capacity.
+		 * The cwnd cannot therefore be fully utilized because it is
+		 * limited by the connection capacity.
 		 */
-        if (!tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk))
+		if (!tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk) || send_more_than_acked)
 			return;
 
 		bictcp_update(ca, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp), acked);
@@ -595,9 +646,9 @@ static u32 roccettcp_recalc_ssthresh(struct sock *sk)
 {
 	const struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
 	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
-	u32 cwnd;
+	u32 cwnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
 
-    /* If a loss/ECN occurs in the refill pahse of min RTT probing
+	/* If a loss/ECN occurs in the refill phase of min RTT probing
 	 * we reduce the cwnd and abort the refill.
 	 */
 	if (ca->state == RTT_PROBE_REFILL)
@@ -628,7 +679,9 @@ static u32 roccettcp_recalc_ssthresh(struct sock *sk)
 			ca->last_max_cwnd = cwnd;
 
 		cwnd = ca->cwnd_before_min_rtt_probe;
-        ca->cwnd_before_min_rtt_probe = max((cwnd * beta) / BICTCP_BETA_SCALE, 2U);
+		ca->cwnd_before_min_rtt_probe =
+			max((cwnd * beta) / BICTCP_BETA_SCALE, 2U);
+
 		return cwnd;
 	}
 
@@ -668,15 +721,13 @@ static void roccettcp_state(struct sock *sk, u8 new_state)
 
 	if (new_state == TCP_CA_Loss) {
 		roccettcp_reset(ca);
-    }
+	} else if (new_state == TCP_CA_Recovery) {
-    else if(new_state == TCP_CA_Recovery){
 		tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh = roccettcp_recalc_ssthresh(sk);
 		tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp, tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh);
 	}
 }
 
-static void roccettcp_acked(struct sock *sk,
+static void roccettcp_acked(struct sock *sk, const struct ack_sample *sample)
-			    const struct ack_sample *sample)
 {
 	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
 
@@ -715,7 +766,9 @@ static void roccet_in_ack_event(struct sock *sk, u32 flags)
 		ca->ece_received = true;
 }
 
-__bpf_kfunc static void roccet_control(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, int flag, const struct rate_sample *rs) {
+static void roccet_control(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, int flag,
+				       const struct rate_sample *rs)
+{
 	struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
 	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
 
@@ -727,18 +780,24 @@ __bpf_kfunc static void roccet_control(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, int flag, const
 	update_min_rtt(sk);
 	update_srrtt(sk);
 
+	/* Set values for send and receive rate */
+	if (ca->interval_snd_seq_start == 0) {
+		ca->interval_snd_seq_start = tp->snd_nxt;
+		ca->interval_una_seq_start = tp->snd_una;
+	}
+
 	/* Update roccet state */
 	if (tcp_in_slow_start(tp)) {
 		ca->state = LAUNCH;
-    }else if((s32) now - ca->roccet_last_event_time_us <= 100 * USEC_PER_MSEC){
+	} else if ((s32)now - ca->roccet_last_event_time_us <=
+		   100 * USEC_PER_MSEC) {
 		ca->state = DRAIN;
-    }
+	} else if (after(now, ca->next_min_rtt_probe) ||
-    else if(after(now, ca->next_min_rtt_probe) || ca->state == RTT_PROBE || ca->state == RTT_PROBE_REFILL){
+		   ca->state == RTT_PROBE || ca->state == RTT_PROBE_REFILL) {
 		if (ca->state != RTT_PROBE_REFILL)
 			ca->state = RTT_PROBE;
 		roccet_min_rtt_probe(sk, now);
-    }
+	} else {
-    else{
 		ca->state = ORBITER;
 	}
 
@@ -752,7 +811,7 @@ __bpf_kfunc static void roccet_control(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, int flag, const
 	roccettcp_cong_avoid(sk, ack, rs->acked_sacked);
 
 	/* Adjust pacing rate. The code here is similar to the
-     * pacing rate adjustemnts in tcp_input.c tcp_cong_control().
+	 * pacing rate adjustments in tcp_input.c tcp_cong_control().
 	 * In LAUNCH (slow start) we want a pacing of 200% and
 	 * in ORBITER (congestion avoidance) we adjust the pacing
 	 * to 100% and do not use the sysctl_tcp_pacing_ca_ratio.
@@ -765,14 +824,17 @@ __bpf_kfunc static void roccet_control(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, int flag, const
 	 * In Slow Start [1], set sk_pacing_rate to 200 % the current rate.
 	 * In Congestion Avoidance phase, set it to 120 % the current rate.
 	 *
-	 * [1] : Normal Slow Start condition is (tp->snd_cwnd < tp->snd_ssthresh)
+	 * [1]: Normal Slow Start cond is (tp->snd_cwnd < tp->snd_ssthresh)
 	 *	 If snd_cwnd >= (tp->snd_ssthresh / 2), we are approaching
 	 *	 end of slow start and should slow down.
 	 */
 	if (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) < tp->snd_ssthresh / 2)
-		rate *= READ_ONCE(sock_net(sk)->ipv4.sysctl_tcp_pacing_ss_ratio);
+		rate *= READ_ONCE
+			(sock_net(sk)->ipv4.sysctl_tcp_pacing_ss_ratio);
 	else
-		/* Pacing rate of 100% (instead of ipv4.sysctl_tcp_pacing_ca_ratio) */
+		/* Pacing rate of 100%
+		 * (instead of ipv4.sysctl_tcp_pacing_ca_ratio)
+		 */
 		rate *= 100;
 
 	rate *= max(tcp_snd_cwnd(tp), tp->packets_out);
@@ -781,7 +843,7 @@ __bpf_kfunc static void roccet_control(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, int flag, const
 		do_div(rate, tp->srtt_us);
 
 	/* WRITE_ONCE() is needed because sch_fq fetches sk_pacing_rate
-	 * without any lock. We want to make sure compiler wont store
+	 * without any lock. We want to make sure compiler won't store
 	 * intermediate values in this location.
 	 */
 	WRITE_ONCE(sk->sk_pacing_rate,

tcp_roccet.h

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <linux/math64.h>
 
-/* State in which roccet currently opperates */
+/* State in which roccet currently operates */
 enum roccet_state {
 	LAUNCH,
 	ORBITER,
@@ -16,14 +16,6 @@ enum roccet_state {
 	DRAIN
 };
 
-/* TCP ROCCET helper type, storing data related to ack counting */
-struct ack_rate {
-	u32 last_rate;	/* Last ACK-rate */
-	u32 last_rate_time;	/* Timestamp of the last ACK-rate */
-	u32 curr_rate;	/* Current ACK-rate */
-	u32 cnt;	/* Used for counting acks */
-};
-
 /* TCP ROCCET struct based on the original BICTCP struct with
  * additions specific to the ROCCET-Algorithm.
  */
@@ -42,10 +34,7 @@ struct roccettcp {
 	u32 tcp_cwnd;	/* estimated tcp cwnd */
 	u32 curr_rtt;	/* last sample rtt of current round */
 
-	u32 roccet_last_event_time_us;	/* The last time ROCCET was
+	u32 roccet_last_event_time_us; /* The last time ROCCET was triggered */
-					 * triggered
-					 */
-	bool ece_received;	/* Set to true if an ECE bit was received */
 	u32 curr_min_rtt;	/* The current observed minRTT */
 	u32 next_min_rtt_probe;	/* Next time to probe the minRTT */
 	u32 probe_min_rtt_until;	/* End of minRTT probing period */
@@ -53,11 +42,20 @@ struct roccettcp {
 	u32 cwnd_before_min_rtt_probe;	/* cwnd before min RTT probeing */
 	u32 curr_srrtt;	/* srRTT calculated based on the latest ACK */
 	u32 next_srrtt_check;	/* Next check for srRTT */
-	struct ack_rate ack_rate;	/* The last and the current ACK rate */
 	u32 last_rtt;	/* sample rtt of previous round.
 			 * Used for jitter calculation
 			 */
-    enum roccet_state state; /* State in which roccet currently opperates */
+
+	u32 interval_snd_seq_start;
+	u32 interval_una_seq_start;
+
+	u32 ack_rate_last_rate_time;	/* Timestamp of the last ACK-rate */
+	u16 ack_rate_last_rate;	/* Last ACK-rate */
+	u16 ack_rate_curr_rate;	/* Current ACK-rate */
+	u16 ack_rate_cnt;	/* Used for counting acks */
+
+	bool ece_received;	/* Set to true if an ECE bit was received */
+	enum roccet_state state; /* State in which roccet currently operates */
 };
 
 #endif /* __TCP_ROCCET_H */