tcp-roccet-kernel-module/tcp_roccet.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 * TCP ROCCET: An RTT-Oriented CUBIC Congestion Control
 * Extension for 5G and Beyond Networks
 *
 * TCP ROCCET is a new TCP congestion control
 * algorithm suited for current cellular 5G NR beyond networks.
 * It extends the kernel default congestion control CUBIC
 * and improves its performance, and additionally solves an
 * unwanted side effects of CUBIC’s implementation.
 * ROCCET uses its own Slow Start, called LAUNCH, where loss
 * is not considered as a congestion event.
 * The congestion avoidance phase, called ORBITER, uses
 * CUBIC's window growth function and adds, based on RTT
 * and ACK rate, congestion events.
 *
 * A peer-reviewed paper on TCP ROCCET will be presented at the WONS 2026 conference.
 * A draft of the paper is available here:
 *		https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.25281
 *
 *
 * Further information about CUBIC:
 * TCP CUBIC: Binary Increase Congestion control for TCP v2.3
 * Home page:
 *	http://netsrv.csc.ncsu.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/BIC
 * This is from the implementation of CUBIC TCP in
 * Sangtae Ha, Injong Rhee and Lisong Xu,
 *  "CUBIC: A New TCP-Friendly High-Speed TCP Variant"
 *  in ACM SIGOPS Operating System Review, July 2008.
 * Available from:
 *  http://netsrv.csc.ncsu.edu/export/cubic_a_new_tcp_2008.pdf
 *
 * CUBIC integrates a new slow start algorithm, called HyStart.
 * The details of HyStart are presented in
 *  Sangtae Ha and Injong Rhee,
 *  "Taming the Elephants: New TCP Slow Start", NCSU TechReport 2008.
 * Available from:
 *  http://netsrv.csc.ncsu.edu/export/hystart_techreport_2008.pdf
 *
 * All testing results are available from:
 * http://netsrv.csc.ncsu.edu/wiki/index.php/TCP_Testing
 *
 * Unless CUBIC is enabled and congestion window is large
 * this behaves the same as the original Reno.
 */

#include "tcp_roccet.h"
#include "linux/printk.h"
#include <linux/btf.h>
#include <linux/btf_ids.h>
#include <linux/math64.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <net/tcp.h>

/* Scale factor beta calculation (max_cwnd = snd_cwnd * beta) */
#define BICTCP_BETA_SCALE 1024

#define BICTCP_HZ 10 /* BIC HZ 2^10 = 1024 */

/* Alpha value for the sRrTT  multiplied by 100.
 * Here 20 represents a value of 0.2
 */
#define ROCCET_ALPHA_TIMES_100 20

/* The amount of seconds ROCCET stores a minRTT.
 * Enable "calculate_min_rtt" first.
 */
#define ROCCET_RTT_LOOKBACK_S 10

/* Parameters that are specific to the ROCCET-Algorithm */
static int sr_rtt_upper_bound __read_mostly = 100;
static int ack_rate_diff_ss __read_mostly = 10;
static int ack_rate_diff_ca __read_mostly = 200;
static bool calculate_min_rtt __read_mostly;
static bool ignore_loss __read_mostly;
static int roccet_min_rtt_interpolation_factor __read_mostly = 70;

module_param(sr_rtt_upper_bound, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(sr_rtt_upper_bound, "ROCCET's upper bound for srRTT.");
module_param(ack_rate_diff_ss, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(ack_rate_diff_ss,
		 "ROCCET's threshold to exit slow start if ACK-rate defer by given amount of segments.");
module_param(ack_rate_diff_ca, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(ack_rate_diff_ca,
		 "ROCCET's threshold for ack-rate and cum_cwnd, in percantage of the current cwnd.");
module_param(calculate_min_rtt, bool, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(calculate_min_rtt,
		 "Calculate min RTT if no lower RTT occurs after 10 sec.");
module_param(ignore_loss, bool, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(ignore_loss, "Ignore loss as a congestion event.");
module_param(roccet_min_rtt_interpolation_factor, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(roccet_min_rtt_interpolation_factor,
		 "ROCCET factor for interpolating the current RTT with the last minRTT (minRTT = (factor * currRTT + (100-factor) * minRTT) / 100)");

static int fast_convergence __read_mostly = 1;
static int beta __read_mostly = 717; /* = 717/1024 (BICTCP_BETA_SCALE) */
static int initial_ssthresh __read_mostly;
static int bic_scale __read_mostly = 41;
static int tcp_friendliness __read_mostly = 1;

static u32 cube_rtt_scale __read_mostly;
static u32 beta_scale __read_mostly;
static u64 cube_factor __read_mostly;

/* Note parameters that are used for precomputing scale factors are read-only */
module_param(fast_convergence, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(fast_convergence, "turn on/off fast convergence");
module_param(beta, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(beta, "beta for multiplicative increase");
module_param(initial_ssthresh, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(initial_ssthresh, "initial value of slow start threshold");
module_param(bic_scale, int, 0444);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(bic_scale,
		 "scale (scaled by 1024) value for bic function (bic_scale/1024)");
module_param(tcp_friendliness, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(tcp_friendliness, "turn on/off tcp friendliness");

static inline void roccettcp_reset(struct roccettcp *ca)
{
	memset(ca, 0, offsetof(struct roccettcp, curr_rtt));
	ca->bw_limit.sum_cwnd = 1;
	ca->bw_limit.sum_acked = 1;
	ca->bw_limit.next_check = 0;
	ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt = ~0U;
	ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.time = ~0U;
	ca->last_rtt = 0;
	ca->ece_received = false;
}

static inline void update_min_rtt(struct sock *sk)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
	u32 now = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);

	if (now - ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.time >
		    ROCCET_RTT_LOOKBACK_S * USEC_PER_SEC &&
	    calculate_min_rtt) {
		u32 new_min_rtt = max(ca->curr_rtt, 1);
		u32 old_min_rtt = ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt;

		u32 interpolated_min_rtt =
			(new_min_rtt * roccet_min_rtt_interpolation_factor +
			 old_min_rtt *
				 (100 - roccet_min_rtt_interpolation_factor)) /
			100;

		ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt = interpolated_min_rtt;
		ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.time = now;
	}

	/* Check if new lower min RTT was found. If so, set it directly */
	if (ca->curr_rtt < ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt) {
		ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt = max(ca->curr_rtt, 1);
		ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.time = now;
	}
}

/* Return difference between last and current ack rate.
 */
static inline int get_ack_rate_diff(struct roccettcp *ca)
{
	return ca->ack_rate.last_rate - ca->ack_rate.curr_rate;
}

/* Update ack rate sampled by 100ms.
 */
static inline void update_ack_rate(struct sock *sk)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
	u32 now = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
	u32 interval = USEC_PER_MSEC * 100;

	if ((u32)(now - ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time) >= interval) {
		ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time = now;
		ca->ack_rate.last_rate = ca->ack_rate.curr_rate;
		ca->ack_rate.curr_rate = ca->ack_rate.cnt;
		ca->ack_rate.cnt = 0;
	} else {
		ca->ack_rate.cnt += 1;
	}
}

/* Compute srRTT.
 */
static inline void update_srrtt(struct sock *sk)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	if (ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt == 0)
		return;

	/* Calculate the new rRTT (Scaled by 100).
	 * 100 * ((sRTT - sRTT_min) / sRTT_min)
	 */
	u32 rrtt = (100 * (ca->curr_rtt - ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt)) /
		   ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt;

	// (1 - alpha) * srRTT + alpha * rRTT
	ca->curr_srrtt = ((100 - ROCCET_ALPHA_TIMES_100) * ca->curr_srrtt +
			  ROCCET_ALPHA_TIMES_100 * rrtt) / 100;
}

__bpf_kfunc static void roccettcp_init(struct sock *sk)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	roccettcp_reset(ca);

	if (initial_ssthresh)
		tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh = initial_ssthresh;

	/* Initial roccet parameters */
	ca->roccet_last_event_time_us = 0;
	ca->curr_min_rtt = ~0U;
	ca->ack_rate.last_rate = 0;
	ca->ack_rate.last_rate_time = 0;
	ca->ack_rate.curr_rate = 0;
	ca->ack_rate.cnt = 0;
}

__bpf_kfunc static void roccettcp_cwnd_event(struct sock *sk,
					     enum tcp_ca_event event)
{
	if (event == CA_EVENT_TX_START) {
		struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
		u32 now = tcp_jiffies32;
		s32 delta;

		delta = now - tcp_sk(sk)->lsndtime;

		/* We were application limited (idle) for a while.
		 * Shift epoch_start to keep cwnd growth to cubic curve.
		 */
		if (ca->epoch_start && delta > 0) {
			ca->epoch_start += delta;
			if (after(ca->epoch_start, now))
				ca->epoch_start = now;
		}
		return;
	}
}

/* calculate the cubic root of x using a table lookup followed by one
 * Newton-Raphson iteration.
 * Avg err ~= 0.195%
 */
static u32 cubic_root(u64 a)
{
	u32 x, b, shift;
	/* cbrt(x) MSB values for x MSB values in [0..63].
	 * Precomputed then refined by hand - Willy Tarreau
	 *
	 * For x in [0..63],
	 *   v = cbrt(x << 18) - 1
	 *   cbrt(x) = (v[x] + 10) >> 6
	 */
	static const u8 v[] = {
		/* 0x00 */ 0,	54,  54,  54,  118, 118, 118, 118,
		/* 0x08 */ 123, 129, 134, 138, 143, 147, 151, 156,
		/* 0x10 */ 157, 161, 164, 168, 170, 173, 176, 179,
		/* 0x18 */ 181, 185, 187, 190, 192, 194, 197, 199,
		/* 0x20 */ 200, 202, 204, 206, 209, 211, 213, 215,
		/* 0x28 */ 217, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 229,
		/* 0x30 */ 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242,
		/* 0x38 */ 244, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252, 254,
	};

	b = fls64(a);
	if (b < 7) {
		/* a in [0..63] */
		return ((u32)v[(u32)a] + 35) >> 6;
	}

	b = ((b * 84) >> 8) - 1;
	shift = (a >> (b * 3));

	x = ((u32)(((u32)v[shift] + 10) << b)) >> 6;

	/* Newton-Raphson iteration
	 *                         2
	 * x    = ( 2 * x  +  a / x  ) / 3
	 *  k+1          k         k
	 */
	x = (2 * x + (u32)div64_u64(a, (u64)x * (u64)(x - 1)));
	x = ((x * 341) >> 10);
	return x;
}

/* Compute congestion window to use.
 */
static inline void bictcp_update(struct roccettcp *ca, u32 cwnd, u32 acked)
{
	u32 delta, bic_target, max_cnt;
	u64 offs, t;

	ca->ack_cnt += acked; /* count the number of ACKed packets */

	if (ca->last_cwnd == cwnd &&
	    (s32)(tcp_jiffies32 - ca->last_time) <= HZ / 32)
		return;

	/* The CUBIC function can update ca->cnt at most once per jiffy.
	 * On all cwnd reduction events, ca->epoch_start is set to 0,
	 * which will force a recalculation of ca->cnt.
	 */
	if (ca->epoch_start && tcp_jiffies32 == ca->last_time)
		goto tcp_friendliness;

	ca->last_cwnd = cwnd;
	ca->last_time = tcp_jiffies32;

	if (ca->epoch_start == 0) {
		ca->epoch_start = tcp_jiffies32; /* record beginning */
		ca->ack_cnt = acked; /* start counting */
		ca->tcp_cwnd = cwnd; /* syn with cubic */

		if (ca->last_max_cwnd <= cwnd) {
			ca->bic_K = 0;
			ca->bic_origin_point = cwnd;
		} else {
			/* Compute new K based on
			 * (wmax-cwnd) * (srtt>>3 / HZ) / c * 2^(3*bictcp_HZ)
			 */
			ca->bic_K = cubic_root(cube_factor *
					       (ca->last_max_cwnd - cwnd));
			ca->bic_origin_point = ca->last_max_cwnd;
		}
	}

	/* cubic function - calc */
	/* calculate c * time^3 / rtt,
	 *  while considering overflow in calculation of time^3
	 * (so time^3 is done by using 64 bit)
	 * and without the support of division of 64bit numbers
	 * (so all divisions are done by using 32 bit)
	 *  also NOTE the unit of those variables
	 *	  time  = (t - K) / 2^bictcp_HZ
	 *	  c = bic_scale >> 10
	 * rtt  = (srtt >> 3) / HZ
	 * !!! The following code does not have overflow problems,
	 * if the cwnd < 1 million packets !!!
	 */

	t = (s32)(tcp_jiffies32 - ca->epoch_start);
	t += usecs_to_jiffies(ca->delay_min);

	/* change the unit from HZ to bictcp_HZ */
	t <<= BICTCP_HZ;
	do_div(t, HZ);

	if (t < ca->bic_K) /* t - K */
		offs = ca->bic_K - t;
	else
		offs = t - ca->bic_K;

	/* c/rtt * (t-K)^3 */
	delta = (cube_rtt_scale * offs * offs * offs) >> (10 + 3 * BICTCP_HZ);
	if (t < ca->bic_K) /* below origin*/
		bic_target = ca->bic_origin_point - delta;
	else /* above origin*/
		bic_target = ca->bic_origin_point + delta;

	/* cubic function - calc bictcp_cnt*/
	if (bic_target > cwnd)
		ca->cnt = cwnd / (bic_target - cwnd);
	else
		ca->cnt = 100 * cwnd; /* very small increment*/

	/* The initial growth of cubic function may be too conservative
	 * when the available bandwidth is still unknown.
	 */
	if (ca->last_max_cwnd == 0 && ca->cnt > 20)
		ca->cnt = 20; /* increase cwnd 5% per RTT */

tcp_friendliness:
	/* TCP Friendly */
	if (tcp_friendliness) {
		u32 scale = beta_scale;

		delta = (cwnd * scale) >> 3;
		while (ca->ack_cnt > delta) { /* update tcp cwnd */
			ca->ack_cnt -= delta;
			ca->tcp_cwnd++;
		}

		if (ca->tcp_cwnd > cwnd) { /* if bic is slower than tcp */
			delta = ca->tcp_cwnd - cwnd;
			max_cnt = cwnd / delta;
			if (ca->cnt > max_cnt)
				ca->cnt = max_cnt;
		}
	}

	/* The maximum rate of cwnd increase CUBIC allows is 1 packet per
	 * 2 packets ACKed, meaning cwnd grows at 1.5x per RTT.
	 */
	ca->cnt = max(ca->cnt, 2U);
}

__bpf_kfunc static void roccettcp_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack,
					     u32 acked)
{
	struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	u32 now = jiffies_to_usecs(tcp_jiffies32);
	u32 bw_limit_detect = 0;
	u32 roccet_xj;
	u32 jitter;

	if (ca->last_rtt > ca->curr_rtt)
		jitter = ca->last_rtt - ca->curr_rtt;
	else
		jitter = ca->curr_rtt - ca->last_rtt;

	/* Update roccet parameters */
	update_ack_rate(sk);
	update_min_rtt(sk);
	update_srrtt(sk);

	/* ROCCET drain.
	 * Do not increase the cwnd for 100ms after a roccet congestion event
	 */
	if (now - ca->roccet_last_event_time_us <= 100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
		return;

	/* LAUNCH: Detect an exit point for tcp slow start
	 * in networks with large buffers of multiple BDP
	 * Like in cellular networks (5G, ...).
	 * Or exit LAUNCH if cwnd is too large for application layer
	 * data rate.
	 */

	if ((tcp_in_slow_start(tp) && ca->curr_srrtt > sr_rtt_upper_bound &&
	     get_ack_rate_diff(ca) >= ack_rate_diff_ss) ||
	    (!tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk) && tcp_in_slow_start(tp))) {
		ca->epoch_start = 0;

		/* Handle initial slow start. Here we observe the most problems */
		if (tp->snd_ssthresh == TCP_INFINITE_SSTHRESH) {
			tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 2;
			tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 2);
		} else {
			tcp_sk(sk)->snd_ssthresh =
				tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) - (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 3);
			tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) -
						     (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) / 3));
		}
		ca->roccet_last_event_time_us = now;
		return;
	}

	if (tcp_in_slow_start(tp)) {
		acked = tcp_slow_start(tp, acked);
		if (!acked)
			return;
	}

	if (ca->bw_limit.next_check == 0)
		ca->bw_limit.next_check = now + 5 * ca->curr_rtt;

	ca->bw_limit.sum_cwnd += tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
	ca->bw_limit.sum_acked += acked;

	if (ca->bw_limit.next_check < now) {
		/* We send more data as we got acked in the last 5 RTTs */
		if ((ca->bw_limit.sum_cwnd * 100) / ca->bw_limit.sum_acked >=
		    ack_rate_diff_ca)
			bw_limit_detect = 1;

		/* reset struct and set next end of period */
		ca->bw_limit.sum_cwnd = 1;

		/* set to 1 to avoid division by zero */
		ca->bw_limit.sum_acked = 1;
		ca->bw_limit.next_check = now + 5 * ca->curr_rtt;
	}

	/* Respects the jitter of the connection and add it on top of the upper bound
	 * for the srRTT
	 */
	roccet_xj = ((jitter * 100) / ca->curr_min_rtt_timed.rtt) +
		    sr_rtt_upper_bound;
	if (roccet_xj < sr_rtt_upper_bound)
		roccet_xj = sr_rtt_upper_bound;

	if (ca->curr_srrtt > roccet_xj && (bw_limit_detect || ca->ece_received)) {
		if (ca->ece_received)
			ca->ece_received = false;
		ca->epoch_start = 0;
		ca->roccet_last_event_time_us = now;
		ca->cnt = 100 * tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);

		/* Set Wmax if cwnd is larger than the old Wmax */
		if (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) > ca->last_max_cwnd)
			ca->last_max_cwnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);

		tcp_snd_cwnd_set(tp, min(tp->snd_cwnd_clamp,
					 max((tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * beta) / BICTCP_BETA_SCALE, 2U)));
		tp->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
		return;
	}

	/* Terminates this function if cwnd is not fully utilized.
	 * In mobile networks like 5G, this termination causes the cwnd to be frozen at
	 * an excessively high value. This is because slow start or HyStart massively
	 * exceed the available bandwidth and leave the cwnd at an excessively high
	 * value. The cwnd cannot therefore be fully utilized because it is limited by
	 * the connection capacity.
	 */
	if (!tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk))
		return;

	bictcp_update(ca, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp), acked);
	tcp_cong_avoid_ai(tp, max(1, ca->cnt), acked);
}

__bpf_kfunc static u32 roccettcp_recalc_ssthresh(struct sock *sk)
{
	const struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	if (ignore_loss)
		return tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);

	/* Don't exit slow start if loss occurs. */
	if (tcp_in_slow_start(tp))
		return tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);

	ca->epoch_start = 0; /* end of epoch */

	/* Wmax and fast convergence */
	if (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) < ca->last_max_cwnd && fast_convergence)
		ca->last_max_cwnd =
			(tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * (BICTCP_BETA_SCALE + beta)) /
			(2 * BICTCP_BETA_SCALE);
	else
		ca->last_max_cwnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);

	return max((tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * beta) / BICTCP_BETA_SCALE, 2U);
}

__bpf_kfunc static void roccettcp_state(struct sock *sk, u8 new_state)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	if (new_state == TCP_CA_Loss)
		roccettcp_reset(ca);
}

__bpf_kfunc static void roccettcp_acked(struct sock *sk,
					const struct ack_sample *sample)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	/* Some calls are for duplicates without timestamps */
	if (sample->rtt_us < 0)
		return;

	/* Discard delay samples right after fast recovery */
	if (ca->epoch_start && (s32)(tcp_jiffies32 - ca->epoch_start) < HZ)
		return;

	u32 delay = sample->rtt_us;

	if (delay == 0)
		delay = 1;

	/* first time call or link delay decreases */
	if (ca->delay_min == 0 || ca->delay_min > delay)
		ca->delay_min = delay;

	/* Get valid sample for roccet */
	if (sample->rtt_us > 0) {
		ca->last_rtt = ca->curr_rtt;
		ca->curr_rtt = sample->rtt_us;
	}
}

__bpf_kfunc static void roccet_in_ack_event(struct sock *sk, u32 flags)
{
	struct roccettcp *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);

	/* Handle ECE bit.
	 * Processing of ECE events is done in roccettcp_cong_avoid()
	 */
	if (flags & CA_ACK_ECE)
		ca->ece_received = true;
}

static struct tcp_congestion_ops roccet_tcp __read_mostly = {
	.init = roccettcp_init,
	.ssthresh = roccettcp_recalc_ssthresh,
	.cong_avoid = roccettcp_cong_avoid,
	.set_state = roccettcp_state,
	.undo_cwnd = tcp_reno_undo_cwnd,
	.cwnd_event = roccettcp_cwnd_event,
	.pkts_acked = roccettcp_acked,
	.in_ack_event   = roccet_in_ack_event,
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
	.name = "roccet",
};

BTF_KFUNCS_START(tcp_roccet_check_kfunc_ids)
BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, roccettcp_init)
BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, roccettcp_recalc_ssthresh)
BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, roccettcp_cong_avoid)
BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, roccettcp_state)
BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, roccettcp_cwnd_event)
BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, roccettcp_acked)
BTF_KFUNCS_END(tcp_roccet_check_kfunc_ids)

static const struct btf_kfunc_id_set tcp_roccet_kfunc_set = {
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
	.set = &tcp_roccet_check_kfunc_ids,
};

static int __init roccettcp_register(void)
{
	int ret;

	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct roccettcp) > ICSK_CA_PRIV_SIZE);

	/* Precompute a bunch of the scaling factors that are used per-packet
	 * based on SRTT of 100ms
	 */

	beta_scale =
		8 * (BICTCP_BETA_SCALE + beta) / 3 / (BICTCP_BETA_SCALE - beta);

	cube_rtt_scale = (bic_scale * 10); /* 1024*c/rtt */

	/* calculate the "K" for (wmax-cwnd) = c/rtt * K^3
	 *  so K = cubic_root( (wmax-cwnd)*rtt/c )
	 * the unit of K is bictcp_HZ=2^10, not HZ
	 *
	 *  c = bic_scale >> 10
	 *  rtt = 100ms
	 *
	 * the following code has been designed and tested for
	 * cwnd < 1 million packets
	 * RTT < 100 seconds
	 * HZ < 1,000,00  (corresponding to 10 nano-second)
	 */

	/* 1/c * 2^2*bictcp_HZ * srtt */
	cube_factor = 1ull << (10 + 3 * BICTCP_HZ); /* 2^40 */

	/* divide by bic_scale and by constant Srtt (100ms) */
	do_div(cube_factor, bic_scale * 10);

	ret = register_btf_kfunc_id_set(BPF_PROG_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS,
					&tcp_roccet_kfunc_set);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;
	return tcp_register_congestion_control(&roccet_tcp);
}

static void __exit roccettcp_unregister(void)
{
	tcp_unregister_congestion_control(&roccet_tcp);
}

module_init(roccettcp_register);
module_exit(roccettcp_unregister);

MODULE_AUTHOR("Lukas Prause, Tim Füchsel");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("ROCCET TCP");
MODULE_VERSION("1.0");